鄂尔多斯红色砒砂岩干湿循环作用下力学性能试验研究

为了分析鄂尔多斯市准格尔旗不同粒径砒砂岩的力学性能,进行不同干湿循环次数试验,得到了砒砂岩收缩变形和强度特性的变化规律.结果表明:<2.00 mm(原状砒砂岩)试样在3次干湿循环后收缩变化最大;0.50~1.00 mm试样一直缓慢收缩沉积;0.25~0.50 mm和<0.25 mm试样在第3次循环后土体的密实度达到最强.在此基础上,利用直剪仪测定其抗剪强度.在相同的垂直荷载下,发现<2.00 mm试样随着循环次数的增大,1~3次循环的过程中抗剪强度增加最大,之后小幅度增加;0.50~1.00 mm试样随循环次数的增加呈现出缓慢增长的趋势;0.25~0.50 mm和<0.25 mm试样随着循环次数的增加而先略有降低,之后稍有增加并逐渐保持稳定.砒砂岩内摩擦角变化,<2.00 mm和0.50~1.00 mm粒径随干湿循环次数增加而递增;而0.25~0.50 mm和<0.25 mm粒径内摩擦角几乎不变化.黏聚力变化,<2.00 mm 和0.50~1.00 mm试样呈现出先增大逐渐平缓的趋势;0.25~0.50 mm和<0.25 mm试样呈现先减小随后小幅度增大的趋势.     

W-OH砒砂岩固结体干湿循环特性及其细观机理

[目的]对W-OH砒砂岩固结体干湿循环特性及其细观机理进行研究,为实现W-OH固结改良砒砂岩及其耐久性研究提供科学依据。[方法]采用W-OH(亲水性聚氨酯材料)对砒砂岩进行固结处理,基于无侧限抗压试验、三轴抗压试验,研究其在干湿循环条件下的力学性能,并结合SEM,EDS和称重法对其干湿循环后样品微观结构、元素和质量损失进行分析,以获得其破坏机理。[结果]W-OH砒砂岩固结体的无侧限抗压强度、弹性模量和黏聚力在1～3次干湿循环后升高;在3～9次干湿循环后,固结体的力学强度降低;9次之后,剩下高黏结力的W-OH胶结体包裹于砒砂岩颗粒表面,力学强度趋于稳定。内摩擦角在1～9次干湿循环后上下波动,9次干湿循环后趋于稳定。采用碳元素分析和质量损失分析相结合的方法对土样中W-OH流失特性进行评价,发现土样在1～9次干湿循环中W-OH胶结体逐渐降低,并在9次干湿循环后达到稳定,这与上述宏观力学变化的规律相似,验证了破坏机理,为判断其长期特性提供理论依据。[结论]研究表明可将9次干湿循环后达到稳定的W-OH砒砂岩固结体的力学性质作为土体的长期力学特性。     

干湿交替和外源氮对农田土壤CO2和N2O释放的影响

以黄淮海平原潮土区的砂壤土和黏壤土为研究对象,通过培养试验研究了干湿交替(干湿频率分别为0、2、6、12次)和外源氮(2种土壤中添加氮累计量均为220 mg N·100g~(-1)干土)下砂壤土和黏壤土的CO_2和N_2O释放模式的影响。结果表明,干湿交替和外加氮源显著激发了砂壤土和黏壤土的CO_2和N_2O的释放速率:干燥期越长,外加N源对土壤CO_2释放速率的激发效应越强;干燥期越短,外加N源对土壤N_2O释放速率的激发效应越强。两种土壤的CO_2和N_2O的释放速率对干湿交替的响应模式一致,砂壤土的碳氮矿化速率对干湿交替响应更为强烈,砂壤土的可溶性有机碳和无机氮(NO-3和NH+4)含量及温室气体排放速率均高于黏壤土。在外加氮源的条件下,干湿交替显著提高了砂壤土和黏壤土中可溶性有机碳和无机氮的含量,增大了实际生产中农田土壤无机氮淋失和温室气体排放的可能性。     

Response of denitrifying communities to successive soil freeze–thaw cycles

The effect of soil freeze–thaw cycles on the denitrification potential was examined based on the C₂H₂ inhibition method. The gross N₂O production curve of the soil sample (incubation with C₂H₂) showed minor changes between the freeze–thaw treatment and the unfrozen control. However, kinetics analysis revealed that the initial production rate, an indicator of the population density of denitrifying communities, decreased (P = 0.043) and the specific growth rate constant, an indicator of the activity of denitrifying communities, increased (P = 0.039) as a result of the freeze–thaw cycles in five of six soil samples examined. The increase in the specific growth rate constant suggested the stimulation of the activity of denitrifying communities that survived after the freeze–thaw cycles and may explain the minor suppression on the gross N₂O production in spite of decreasing the population density of denitrifying communities that was suggested by the initial production rate. The net N₂O production curve of the soil sample (incubation without C₂H₂) showed a remarkable change in one out of six soil samples, and in that one soil sample, N₂O release to the atmosphere was largely stimulated (7.6 times) by the freeze–thaw cycles. However, the stimulation of the N₂O release by the freeze–thaw cycles was even observed in two other selected soil samples (4.6 and 1.8 times), suggesting that an imbalance in the N₂O-producing and N₂O-reducing activities of denitrifying communities might complementally explain the N₂O release stimulated by the freeze–thaw cycles.     

基于电池状态的车载铅酸电池输出在线控制方法

针对车载铅酸电池长时间以较大电流放电导致蓄电池实际容量快速下降,造成寿命短的问题,提出了一种基于电池状态的车载铅酸电池输出在线控制方法。首先通过实验建立放电过程蓄电池当量电阻和SOC(State of charge,荷电状态)之间的关系,进而得到蓄电池放电电流和输出功率之间的关系;接着通过实验建立蓄电池SOH(State of health,健康状态)、放电电流以及充放电循环次数之间的关系,进而得到每个阶段考虑寿命的最大放电电流计算方法;最后通过仿真实验验证,该控制方法能延长车载铅酸电池寿命。     

Repeated drying–rewetting cycles and their effects on the emission of CO2, N2O,NO, and CH4 in a forest soil

Prolonged summer droughts due to climate change are expected for this century, but little is known about the effects of drying and wetting on biogenic trace‐gas fluxes of forest soils. Here, the response of CO₂, N₂O, NO, and CH₄ fluxes from temperate forest soils towards drying–wetting events has been investigated, using undisturbed soil columns from a Norway spruce forest in the “Fichtelgebirge”, Germany. Two different types of soil columns have been used for this study to quantify the contribution of organic and mineral horizons to the total fluxes: (1) organic horizons (O) and (2) organic and mineral soil horizons (O+M). Three drying–wetting treatments with different rewetting intensities (8, 20, and 50 mm of irrigation d^–1) have been compared to a constantly moist control to estimate the influence of rainfall intensity under identical drying conditions and constant temperature (+15°C). Drought significantly reduced CO₂, N₂O, and NO fluxes in most cycles. Following rewetting, CO₂ fluxes quickly recovered back to control level in the O columns but remained significantly reduced in the O+M columns with total CO₂ fluxes from the drying–wetting treatment ranging approx. 80% of control fluxes. Fluxes of N₂O and NO remained significantly reduced in both O and O+M columns even after rewetting, with cumulative fluxes from drying–wetting treatments ranging between 20% and 90% of the control fluxes, depending on gas and cycle. Fluxes of CH₄ were small in all treatments and seem to play no significant role in this soil. No evidence for the release of additional gas fluxes due to drying–wetting was found. The intensity of rewetting had no significant effect on the CO₂, N₂O, NO, and CH₄ fluxes, suggesting that the length of the drought period is more important for the emission of these gases. We can therefore not confirm earlier findings that fluxes of CO₂, N₂O, and NO during wetting of dry soil exceed the fluxes of constantly moist soil.     

Effect of freezing and thawing processes on some physical properties of saline–sodic soils mixed with sewage sludge or fly ash

Dispersion of saline–sodic soils was rather difficult to leach. Therefore, negative effects of freeze–thaw on soil physical properties should be reduced by inexpensive and practical methods. This study investigates the effect of freeze–thaw cycles (3, 6, and 9) on wet aggregate stability, bulk density, and permeability coefficient in three soils with different electrical conductivity and exchangeable sodium percentage levels (soil I: 5.30 dS m⁻¹, 47.51%; soil II: 42.80 dS m⁻¹, 55.45%; soil III: 36.30 dS m⁻¹, 59.34%) which consist of different proportions of sewage sludge and fly ash by volume (10%, 20%, and 30%). The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions using disturbed and non-cropped soil samples mixed with sewage sludge and fly ash. Soils mixed with sewage sludge produced higher aggregate stability and permeability coefficients and lower bulk density values as compared to the soils mixed with fly ash. Sewage sludge added with a rate of 30% eliminated the negative effects of freeze–thaw processes on wet aggregate stability. Freeze–thaw processes did not affect the bulk density of the soils II and III, which were mixed with sewage sludge. However, fly ash addition decreased the bulk density of these soils very significantly after nine freeze–thaw cycles. Addition of sewage sludge or fly ash with rates of 20% and 30% significantly increased the permeability coefficients in soil I after nine freeze–thaw cycles. Results indicated that addition of sewage sludge and/or fly ash to saline–sodic soils could be alternative way for reducing negative effects of freezing–thawing on soil wet aggregate stability, bulk density, and permeability coefficient.     

Detection of Frozen-Thawed Cycles for Frozen Tilapia (Oreochromis) Fillets Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Due to the ambient temperature fluctuation during the process of storage, transportation, and sale, frozen fillets may go through frozen-thawed cycles that result in quality changes. In order to detect the frozen-thawed cycles in frozen tilapia fillets, near infrared spectroscopy was applied. The thawing loss, cooking loss, moisture content, total volatile basic nitrogen, and texture profile of fillets in seven frozen-thawed cycles were analyzed to reflect the change of quality. A total of 60 fillets were used to collect the spectra on both dorsal and belly flesh in frozen and thawed state from the first to the seventh cycle. The results showed that there is a better discrimination among the once and the repeated frozen-thawed samples in the frozen state than the thawed state. Frozen samples were still conducive to the differentiation and had higher classification accuracy, ranging from 80% to 93.33%. Dorsal flesh was more beneficial for the differentiation than belly flesh and had the highest accuracy, ranging from 86.67% to 93.33% in the frozen state. These results showed that the nondestructive and fast detection of repeated frozen-thawed cycles in frozen tilapia fillets can be accomplished by near infrared spectroscopy, which has enormous potential for practical application.     

冻融作用对棕壤团聚体及其重金属镉赋存形态的影响

以重金属Cd为单一污染源的棕壤作为供试土壤,设定-10,-20,-30℃三个温度作为冻结温度,10℃作为融化温度进行土壤冻融循环试验。通过测定冻融作用后土壤团聚体粒径组成、土壤质量平均直径、土壤团聚体粒径中Cd的质量负载率以及赋存形态,研究冻融作用对棕壤团聚体稳定性及Cd在不同团聚体粒径中分布与赋存形态的影响。结果表明:(1)土壤经过冻融作用后,2mm的团聚体比例显著增加(P0.05),增加范围为38.4%~54.6%,土壤质量平均直径显著增加(P0.05);(2)经过冻融作用后,重金属Cd主要富集在2mm的团聚体粒径中,所占比例为51.2%~57.2%;(3)冻融作用使土壤及不同粒径团聚体中交换态Cd和有机结合态Cd含量显著降低(P0.05),铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和残渣态Cd含量显著增加(P0.05)。